Classical conditioning is to [{Blank}] as operant conditioning is to [{Blank}]. a. active; passive b. simple responses; complex behaviors c. unimportant behaviors; important behaviors d. actions; feelings

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Classical conditioning is to _____ as operant conditioning is to _____.

a. active; passive

b. simple responses; complex behaviors

c. unimportant behaviors; important behaviors

d. actions; feelings

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Studying how learning occurs is not limited to using people as research participants. Animals are a popular choice for subjects in learning research, as a lot of the same processes that animals use to learn can be applied to simple human situations. Even small animals like mice can give interesting insights in how learning occurs.

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Classical vs. Operant Conditioning | Differences & Examples

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Chapter 1 / Lesson 5

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Understand classical vs operant conditioning. See classical conditioning examples, operant conditioning examples and phenomena associated with these types of conditioning.

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In operant conditioning, the response is [{Blank}]. In classical conditioning that response is [{Blank}]. a. involuntary; voluntary b. reflexive; involuntary c. involuntary; reflexive d. voluntary; involuntary
Classical conditioning is to {Blank} as operant conditioning is to {Blank}. \\ a. association of stimuli; consequences of behavior b. reinforcement of responses; observation of models c. punishment; reinforcement d. shaping the environment; shaping th
Spontaneous recovery of extinguished responses in operant conditioning supports the notion that the [{Blank}] a. behavior was not permanently lost. b. behavior was innate. c. behavior was forgotten. d. behavior was not adaptive.
A form of learning in which simple responses (especially reflexes) are associated with new stimuli is called a. operant conditioning. b. social learning. c. classical conditioning. d. rational-emotive behavior therapy.
The goal of operant conditioning is to {Blank}, while the goal in classical conditioning is to {Blank}. a. create an association between stimuli; create an association between behavior and consequences b. create an expectation that conditioned stimulus
A form of conditioning in which learning is a response to the consequences of a behavior is a. operant conditioning. b. aversive conditioning. c. classical conditioning. d. phobic conditioning.
Operant conditioning is to ............... as classical conditioning is to .................. a. temporary; permanent b. quick; slow c. association; consequences d. active; passive
Operant conditioning influences the formation of attitudes through the [{Blank}]. a. association of two stimuli leading to an emotional response b. development of cognitive schemes c. observation of others behavior and the consequences they experience d.
What is a key distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning? a) Operant conditioning generally works best with involuntary, reflexive behaviors; classical conditioning involves voluntary behaviors. b) In contrast to classical condi
Skinner referred to the type of behaviour learned from classical conditioning as [{Blank}], and the type of behaviour learned from operant conditioning as [{Blank}]. a. social behaviour; latent behaviour b. modelled behaviour; spontaneous behaviour c. res
In Classical conditioning, the response is typically ___, whereas in operant conditioning the response ___ the environment. A. learned; has a neutral effect on B. unconditional; is reflexive in C. reflexive; produce effects on D. conditional; natura
According to the cognitive view of classical conditioning: \\ a. the conditioned stimulus acts as a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus b. during conditioning we learn one event signals another c. we passively respond to stimuli just like any oth
Systematic desensitization relies upon the principle of [{Blank}]. a. instrumental conditioning b. observational conditioning c. operant conditioning d. classical conditioning
In classical conditioning, an association is learned between the [{Blank}]. a. neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus b. conditioned stimulus and the neutral stimulus c. unconditioned stimulus and the unconditioned response d. conditioned stimulu
An involuntary response is to classical conditioning as a voluntary response is to \rule{1in}{.2mm}. A. operant conditioning B. reinforcement C. extinction D. generalization
The behavioural view of classical conditioning focuses on simple [{Blank}] of stimuli, while the cognitive view adds [{Blank}] representations of the environment. a. pairing; mental b. pairing; physical c. separation; physical d. separation; mental
An involuntary response is to classical conditioning as a voluntary response is to ............. a. operant conditioning b. extinction c. reinforcement d. generalization
Learning based on the consequences of making a response is called a. operant conditioning. b. classical conditioning. c. systematic desensitization. d. reciprocal inhibition.
Shaping can be used in behavior therapy and is based on ____ principles. a. Operant conditioning b. Latent learning c. Classical conditioning d. Non associative learning.
In operant conditioning, the focus is on the: a) Conditions that come before the behavior. b) Consequences of behavior. c) Conditions that elicit behavior. d) Negative aspects of behavior.
In {Blank} conditioning the focus is on how organisms form anticipations about the environment; in {Blank} conditioning the focus is on what the organism does to act on the environment. a. classical; operant b. operant; classical c. higher-order; classi
The best way to differentiate operant conditioning from classical conditioning is to decide if the: a. response is voluntary or involuntary. b. stimulus is conditioned or unconditioned. c. consequence comes before or after the response. d. response is ple
The assumption of behavior therapy is that [{Blank}]. a. all behavior is the product of thoughts, beliefs and perceptions b. abnormal behavior comes from our thought processes, but normal behavior is learned from the environment c. normal behavior is lear
Operant conditioning is important because it is adaptive to: a. be able to learn about consequences of behavior without direct experience b. learn to ignore events that are of little long-term significance c. learn about the consequences of behavioral res
According to Skinner, in classical conditioning, the behaviour is [{Blank}], but in operant conditioning, the behaviour is [{Blank}]. a. unintelligent; intelligent b. incomplete; complete c. immediate; delayed d. forced; chosen
Behavior therapists do not focus on _______. (a) the principles of classical conditioning (b) specific problem behavior (c) the underlying unconscious conflicts (d) rewards to change behavior.
An antecedent stimulus that does not produce a response is linked with a stimulus that does produce the response in a type of learning known as a. classical conditioning. b. operant conditioning. c. cognitive learning. d. instrumental learning.
Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are two types of ______ learning. (a) insight (b) associative (c) vicarious (d) cognitive.
Classical conditioning is most often used to condition A. reflexes. B. short-term behavior. C. negative behavior. D. positive behavior.
In operant conditioning, an organism learns to respond because [{Blank}] a. involuntary behaviors are elicited. b. of the consequences of the behavior. c. genetic predispositions invoke the behavior. d. a psychological mechanism, known as the operant,
The natural tendency to imitate the behaviour of significant others is known as: a. connectionism b. operant conditioning c. modelling d. classical conditioning
Thorndike is to _____ as Skinner is to _____. a. classical conditioning; operant conditioning b. the law of effect; operant conditioning c. observational learning; latent learning d. operant conditioning; classical conditioning
In classical conditioning, the main association occurs between a) stimuli and stimuli. b) consequences and consequences. c) responses and responses. d) stimuli and consequences.
Positive reinforcement that is trivial to the person receiving it [{Blank}]. a. will be effective in latent learning, but not in operant conditioning b. will likely have only a weak effect in changing behaviour c. is about as effective as classical con
Social learning is often referred to as: a. classical conditioning b. observational learning c. operant conditioning d. aversive conditioning
Through operant conditioning, we learn that: a. our own actions lead to outcomes b. conditioned stimuli lead to outcomes c. copying the behavior of others leads to outcomes d. constant stimuli lead to outcomes
We learn our own actions lead to outcomes through _______. (a) operant conditioning (b) classical conditioning (c) second-order conditioning (d) higher-order conditioning.
Classical conditioning involves learning based on associations between stimuli whereas operant conditioning involves learning based on behavioral consequences.
In classical conditioning, when an established conditioned stimulus is used to condition a second neutral stimulus, the process at work is: \\ a. stimulus generalization b. second-order conditioning c. stimulus habituation d. conditioned inhibition
Any use of classical or operant conditioning to directly alter human behavior is called a. behavior modification. b. somatic therapy. c. insight therapy. d. Gestalt psychotherapy.
In its simplest form, classical conditioning depends on: a. instrumental learning. b. learned fears. c. unconditioned reflex responses. d. the consequences of responding.
In classical conditioning, an environmental event that only elicits an observable reaction after training or experience is referred to as: \\ a. an unconditioned stimulus b. an unconditioned response c. a conditioned stimulus d. a conditioned response
Decide if the behavior was acquired through operant or classical conditioning. If operant conditioning, identify which type of consequence was responsible for the behavior change (i.e., positive/negative reinforcement; positive/negative punishment). If cl
The two types of associative learning are _______. (a) classical conditioning and observational learning (b) vicarious learning and cognitive learning (c) classical conditioning and operant conditioning (d) operant conditioning and cognitive learning.
In classical conditioning, an observable reaction to an environmental event that is elicited without any prior training is referred to as: \\ a. an unconditioned stimulus b. an unconditioned response c. a conditioned stimulus d. a conditioned response
Instrumental conditioning is also known as: a. classical conditioning b. imprinting conditioning c. instinctual conditioning d. operant conditioning
Which form of learning would most likely be studied in a Skinner box? a. classical conditioning b. vicarious conditioning c. operant conditioning d. conditioned emotional responses
Contemporary cognitive theorists maintain that classical conditioning depends on: a. If the conditioned stimulus reliably predicts the unconditioned stimulus b. A sequence of stimulus-response connections c. Mental predispositions and problem-solving abil
Positive reinforcement is to [{Blank}] as negative reinforcement is to [{Blank}]. a. praise; spanking b. conditioning to increase a behavior; conditioning to decrease a behavior c. classical; operant d. addition of something pleasant; removal of something
In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with another stimulus that naturally elicits a reflex response. This neutral stimulus will become known as the a. unconditioned stimulus. b. conditioned stimulus. c. reflexive stimulus. d
Operant conditioning can be thought of as learning _______. (a) to notice or ignore events (b) about the consequences of our behavior (c) what events signal (d) by example.
In classical conditioning, extinction occurs when the [{Blank}]. a. neutral stimulus is presented without the conditioned stimulus b. the unconditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned response c. the conditioned stimulus is presented witho
All examples of classical conditioning begin with a pre-existing relationship between the [{Blank}]. a. unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus b. conditioned stimulus and the neutral stimulus c. unconditioned stimulus and the unconditioned re
Making small behavior changes, each approaching a final set of behaviors, is termed: a. Shaping b. Classical conditioning c. Negative reinforcement d. Positive reinforcement
In classical conditioning, an observable reaction to an environmental event that is elicited only after training or experience is referred to as: \\ a. an unconditioned stimulus b. an unconditioned response c. a conditioned response d. a conditioned s
An emotional response that has been linked to a previously non-emotional stimulus by classical conditioning is called a(n): a. conditioned emotional response (CER). b. emitted stimulus behavior (ESB). c. unconditioned cognitive emotion (UCE). d. artificia
_____ conditioning creates a new stimulus-response (S-R) relationship, where ______ begins with an existing S-R relationship. a. Operant; classical b. Classical; operant c. Positive; negative d. Negative; positive
Which of the following types of learning involves involuntary responses and passive responding by the animal or person? a. Classical conditioning. b. Operant conditioning. c. Latent learning. d. Instrumental learning.
Many involuntary, autonomic system responses ('fight-or-flight' reflexes) are linked with new stimuli and situations by [{Blank}]. a. operant extinction b. classical conditioning c. operant conditioning d. instrumental acquisition
Operant conditioning focuses on how: a. people learn through the association of stimuli. b. people utilize their inborn reflexive habits. c. behavior is influenced by its consequences. d. changes in behavior are related to mental events.
The most important aspect of classical conditioning is that the conditioned stimulus becomes a _____ for the unconditioned stimulus. a) signal b) stimulus generalization c) stimulus discrimination d) higher-order conditioning support
The main premise of behavioral therapy is that problematic behaviors, cognitions, and emotions have been learned and can be unlearned under the right conditions. How does this basic premise contrast with psychoanalytic theories?
In classical conditioning, the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to (but not identical to) a conditioned response is called: a. stimulus generalization. b. spontaneous recovery. c. transfer of training. d. vicarious conditioning.
Classical conditioning tends to involve: a. reflexive-type behaviors. b. learning by immediate consequences. c. rewards more than punishments. d. punishments more than rewards.
Token economy is a behavioral treatment approach based upon [{Blank}] conditioning principles. a. aversive b. latent c. classical d. operant
Compared to classical conditioning, operant conditioning is more likely to result in .............. a. a variety of initial responses b. a negative response c. a maladaptive response d. a single response
In general, what is learned in classical conditioning (and what you should try to remember about classical conditioning) is a) to emit an operant. b) to give a reflex to a previously neutral stimulus. c) to give an unconditioned response to an unconditio
Operant conditioning focuses on how behavior is influenced by: a. The observation of what role models say and do b. Unconscious drives and desires c. The pressure to conform to societal norms d. Its consequences
A response may be followed by a reinforcer, by punishment, or by nothing with these results determining whether a response is likely to be made again. The type of learning just described is a. classical conditioning. b. operant conditioning. c. responden
In operant conditioning, stimuli that precede reinforced and nonreinforced responses are known as a. facilitating stimuli. b. reinforcing stimuli. c. avoidance stimuli. d. discriminative stimuli.
A behavior therapist using operant conditioning techniques attempts to change undesirable behavior by ____. a. creating specific associations with behavior b. examining the underlying feelings related to behavior c. exploring the past and its relationshi
Systematic desensitization is based upon the principles of: a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. stimulus substitution d. cognitive learning
Operant conditioning refers to the process of learning to: a. operate in one's environment successfully. b. discriminate between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. c. associate behaviors with their consequences. d. change the effects of various beh
Systematic desensitization is based on: a. counterconditioning b. operant conditioning c. spontaneous recovery d. stimulus generalization e. schedules of reinforcement
Abstract "book learning" would be considered a form of a. classical conditioning. b. vicarious classical conditioning. c. operant conditioning. d. cognitive learning.
Operant conditioning focuses on how ________. (a) people learn from the examples of others (b) repetition results in reflexive habits (c) behavior is influenced by its consequences (d) stimuli are paired to elicit a response.
The principles of classical and operant conditioning are used in _______. (a) client-centered therapy (b) psychoanalysis (c) behavior therapy (d) short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy.
With operant conditioning, any event or stimulus that decreases the frequency of the behavior it follows is referred to as: a. a punishment b. a conditioned stimulus c. a reinforcement d. an unconditioned stimulus
The probability of making a response is altered by the consequences that follow this response during which type of learning? a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. Pavlovian conditioning d. respondent conditioning
If an organism has developed a cognitive map of a maze, it is an indication of [{Blank}]. a. operant conditioning b. latent learning c. classical conditioning d. positive reinforcement
Extinction in operant conditioning occurs when the [{Blank}]. a. neutral stimulus does not get reinforced b. conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus c. behavior is no longer reinforced d. individual consciously chooses not to
Classical conditioning occurs when the a. unconditioned stimulus (US) is followed by, or associated with, a conditioned response (CR). b. unconditioned stimulus (US) is preceded by the conditioned response (CR). c. neutral stimulus (NS) is followed by, or
The type of learning that focuses on the consequences of behavior is called: a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. process conditioning d. latent learning
Critically appraise the role of classical and operant conditioning in behavior therapy.
When a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus, [{Blank}] has occurred. a. classical conditioning b. spontaneous recovery c. operant conditioning d. latent learning
An infant learning through ________ learns to respond in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response. a. reward b. classical conditioning c. operant conditioning d. social learning
Fill in the blank(s) with the correct word. Classical and operant conditioning are the two types of [{Blank}] learning.
Two important aspects of stimulus control are a. operant stimulus generalization and operant stimulus discrimination. b. operant inhibition and operant disinhibition. c. operant stimulus habituation and operant stimulus dishabituation. d. operant extincti
The simplest type of learning seen in living things is _______. (a) the orienting reflex (b) operant conditioning (c) classical conditioning (d) habituation.
Which of the following is achieved by watching and imitating the actions of another person or by noting the consequences of the person's actions? a. classical conditioning b. observational learning c. operant conditioning d. response chaining
The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to those that preceded operant reinforcement is called a. operant stimulus discrimination. b. operant stimulus generalization. c. operant disinhibition. d. spontaneous recovery.
a) Discuss classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Be sure to discuss the components of each type of conditioning. b) Describe the main differences between these two forms of conditioning. What will be an ideal response?
The unconditioned stimulus, by definition, leads to a(n) a. conditioned response. b. conditioned stimulus. c. unconditioned response. d. classic response.
Regarding a comparison of classical and operant conditioning, which of the following statements is true? a. The learner is passive during operant conditioning. b. The reinforcer occurs before the response during operant conditioning. c. Classical conditio
What do classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and cognitive learning all have in common? a. Each is based upon the law of effect. b. These forms of learning were once thought to be valid explanations of how we learn, but now are considered by ps
Personality is acquired through classical and operant conditioning, observational learning, reinforcement, extinction, generalization, and discrimination, according to the a. psychodynamic theorists. b. trait theorists. c. behaviourists. d. humanistic the
Unlearned, characteristic patterns of responding that are controlled by specific triggering stimuli are called _______. (a) drives (b) emotions (c) instincts (d) conditioned responses.
In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments, the neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response is known as the: A) Unconditioned stimulus. B) Conditioned stimulus. C) Reinforced stimulus. D) Unreinforced stimulus.
Classical conditioning involves learning _______. (a) to ignore those things that are repeated but are of no significant consequence (b) that one event predicts another (c) to conserve our limited resources (d) novel behaviors we have never performed befo
In classical conditioning, when does the extinction of a learned behavior happen? a) When the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus. b) When the unconditioned stimulus is always paired with the conditioned response. c) W

Classical conditioning is to [{Blank}] as operant conditioning is to [{Blank}]. a. active;...

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