2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenyl acetophenone can be used as a light-activated initiator for addition...
Question:
2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenyl acetophenone can be used as a light-activated initiator for addition polymerization reactions. How does light activate this initiator? What is the mechanism by which this initiator induces addition polymerization reactions? What are possible advantages of "photoinitiators", initiators activated by light?
Initiators:
The initiator forms radicals in mild conditions, which reacts with the monomer to form another radical species. The initiator is a stable compound at room temperature.
Answer and Explanation: 1
Become a Study.com member to unlock this answer! Create your account
View this answerThe light homogeneously breaks the bond generating two different radicals, which cause activation of initiator. In the case of 2, 2-dimethoxy-2-phenyl...
See full answer below.
Ask a question
Our experts can answer your tough homework and study questions.
Ask a question Ask a questionSearch Answers
Learn more about this topic:
Get access to this video and our entire Q&A library
Polymerization Overview, Process & Examples
from
Chapter 4 / Lesson 19
6.9K
Learn about polymerization. Understand what polymerization is, explore types of polymerization based on the reaction to generate it, its process, and find examples.
Related to this Question
- Through what mechanism can a 1,2-halohydrin be converted into an epoxide? a. polymerization b. sn1 c. sn2 d. e2 e. electrophilic addition
- Adding HCI to 1-phenyl propyne gives the syn product predominately with regiochemistry shown below. Explain what the regiochemistry and syn addition indicate about the mechanism of this reaction.
- What is addition polymerization?
- What is condensation polymerization and addition polymerization?
- Which two of these processes are taking place in the reaction shown below? A) enolate formation B) alkylation C) reduction D) decarboxylation E) conjugate addition F) addition to a carbonyl
- What are the steps for polymerization reaction?
- Alkyl halides can be reduced to alkanes by a radical reaction with tributyltin hydride, (C_4H_9)_3SnH, in the presence of light (hn). Propose a radical chain mechanism by which the reaction might occur. The initiation step is the light-induced homolytic c
- In the presence of H_3O^+, 2-methylpropene oxide undergoes chain-growth polymerization such that nucleophilic attack occurs at the more substituted end of the epoxide. Draw a stepwise mechanism for this process, and explain this regioselectivity.
- Identify the mechanism by which the given transformation reaction proceeds. Is it Electrophilic addition, E2 Elimination, SN1 Nucleophilic substitution, SN2 Nucleophilic substitution, Carbonyl nucleophilic addition, Nucleophilic subs at Carbonyl (acyl Xfe
- Methyl vinyl ketone or C4H6O can be polymerized by addition polymerization. The addition reaction involves only the C=C bond. Write the structural formula of a four-unit segment of this polymer.
- The given transformation involves a conjugate nucleophilic addition reaction, followed by an intramolecular nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction. Show the mechanism.
- Identify the addition product for each reaction below and provide the mechanism.
- Identify the mechanism by which the given reaction proceeds. Is it Electrophilic addition, E2 Elimination, SN1 Nucleophilic substitution, SN2 Nucleophilic substitution, Carbonyl nucleophilic addition, Nucleophilic subs at Carbonyl (acyl Xfer), or Conjugat
- For each product below, determine whether aldol addition or aldol condensation(basic) reaction occurs: (a) ethanal (b) acetaldehyde (c) 2-methylbutanal (d) ethanal.
- Draw a stepwise mechanism for the following polymerization reaction.
- Identify the mechanism by which the below-mentioned reaction proceeds. Is it Electrophilic addition, E2 Elimination, SN1 Nucleophilic substitution, SN2 Nucleophilic substitution, Carbonyl nucleophilic addition, Nucleophilic subs at Carbonyl (acyl Xfer), o
- A chain reaction is any reaction that: a. involves two steps of equal activation energy. b. involves a series of steps, each of which generates a reactive intermediate that brings about the next step. c. can be initiated by light. d. involves free radical
- Propose the synthesis for 1,3-cyclohexadiene from cyclohexene. Show the complete mechanism for each step of the reaction and all intermediates formed.
- The aldol reaction is catalyzed by acids as well as bases. What is the reactive nucleophile in the acid-catalyzed aldol reaction? Propose a mechanism.
- Compose a stepwise mechanism for the given reaction. (Hint: The mechanism begins with the conjugate addition of -OH.)
- (S)-1-Chloro-2-methylbutane undergoes light-induced reaction with Cl2 to yield a mixture of products, among which are 1,4-dichloro- 2-methylbutane and 1,2-dichloro-2-methylbutane. (a) Write the reaction, showing the correct stereochemistry of the reactan
- Identify the mechanism by which the following reaction proceeds. Is it Electrophilic addition, E2 Elimination, SN1 Nucleophilic substitution, SN2 Nucleophilic substitution, Carbonyl nucleophilic addition, Nucleophilic subs at Carbonyl (acyl Xfer), or Conj
- The Fischer esterification is really an example of: a. a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction b. an aldol condensation reaction c. an elimination reaction (either E1 or E2) d. an electrophilic addition reaction e. a conjugated addition reaction
- Assuming that halogens add to alkyne in the same manner as they add to an alkene, propose a mechanism for and predict the product of the following reaction below.
- Given that an E2 reaction proceeds with anti-periplanar stereochemistry, draw the products of each elimination. The alkyl halides in (a) and (b) are diastereomers of each other. How are the products of these two reactions related? C6H5- is a phenyl g
- The most common reaction undergone by alkenes is A) addition via a one-step mechanism. B) substitution via a one-step mechanism. C) addition via a two-step mechanism. D) oxidation via a one-step mechanism.
- Which alkene reaction follows anti-Markovnikov addition mode? a) Acid-catalyzed hydration reaction. b) Hydroboration-oxidation reaction. c) Hydrohalogenation reaction. d) Halogenation reactions.
- The following transformation involves a conjugate nucleophilic addition reaction followed by an intramolecular nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction. Show the mechanism.
- Predict the addition product for each reaction below and provide the mechanism.
- Two sequential pericyclic reactions are involved in the following furan synthesis. Identify them, and propose a mechanism for the transformation.
- Assuming that halogens add to alkyne in the same manner as they add to alkenes, propose a mechanism for and predict the product of the following reaction.
- Assuming that halogens add to alkyne in the same manner as an they add to alkene, propose a mechanism for and predict the product of the given reaction.
- Reaction of an alkene with Br2 produces the dibromo compound. Generate complete and balanced reactions. What sort of addition reaction gives a monoborminated alkane, when reacting with an alkene?
- Provide the product and mechanism for the addition of CO2 to phenyl magnesium bromide followed by hydrolysis.
- For the reaction below, give the corresponding keto/enol tautomer and provide the complete mechanism.
- Predict the product of the following polymerization reaction. (Show only one repeating unit of the polymer in the reaction.)
- Pivalic mixed anhydrides are often used to form amide bonds between amino acids. Unlike with a symmetrical anhydride, this reaction is highly regioselective, with the nucleophile adding only to the aminoacid carbonyl. Provide the complete mechanism and ex
- Oxetane can be polymerized by cationic ring-opening polymerization initiated by a protonic acid. Draw the complete mechanism for this showing termination by water addition.
- What alkene can be used to prepare the given alkyl halide or dihalide as the exclusive or major product of an addition reaction?
- Give the reaction for the acid catalyzed addition of ICl to 3-methylcyclohexane.
- Identify the addition product for the below mentioned reaction and provide the mechanism.
- For the given reaction, give the corresponding keto/enol tautomer and provide the complete mechanism.
- Predict the product of the following polymerization reactions. (Show only one repeating unit of the polymer in each reaction.)
- The reduction of carbonyl compounds by reaction with hydride reagents (H:^-) and the Grignard addition by reaction with organomagnesium halides (R:^(-+)MgBr) are examples of nucleophilic carbonyl addition reactions. What analogous product do you expect t
- Draw a stepwise mechanism for the dienone-phenol rearrangement, a reaction that forms alkyl-substituted phenols from cyclohexadienones.
- What is the reaction type for the reaction of a ketone with NaBH4? a. a nucleophilic substitution b. a nucleophilic addition c. an electrophilic substitution d. an electrophilic addition
- In the presence of heat or light, diazomethane is converted into a carbene that adds to alkenes. Draw the correct products for the following reaction.
- Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) can be prepared by this reaction. Propose a mechanism for the step-growth reaction in this polymerization.
- The following electrophilic addition reaction involves a carbocation rearrangement. Predict the product and draw the complete arrow-pushing mechanism.
- The given electrophilic addition reaction below involves a carbocation rearrangement. Predict the product and draw the complete arrow-pushing mechanism.
- The following electrophilic addition reaction below involves a carbocation rearrangement. Predict the product and draw the complete arrow-pushing mechanism.
- In light of the fact that tertiary alkyl halides undergo spontaneous dissociation to yield a carbocation plus halide ion, propose a mechanism for the following reaction.
- What is the mechanism for synthesizing 2-6-dimethyl-3-cyano-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine through the reaction between 1,1,1-trifluoro-2,4-pentanedione and an enamine? How does using an enamine as a reactant impact the reaction pathway and product selectivi
- Identify the mechanism of the following reaction. Is it Electrophilic addition, E2 Elimination, SN1 Nucleophilic substitution, SN2 Nucleophilic substitution, Carbonyl nucleophilic addition, Nucleophilic subs at Carbonyl (acyl Xfer), or Conjugate (nucleoph
- Provide reagents and a mechanism for the transformation of 3-hexyne into trans-3-hexene. Say which part of the mechanism is responsible for the stereochemical outcome.
- Is it possible to produce a copolymer by addition polymerization? If so, give an example. If not, explain why not.
- One of the chain-termination steps that sometimes occurs to interrupt polymerization is the following reaction between two radicals. Propose a mechanism for the reaction, using fishhook arrows to indicate electron flow. 2 \ \ ? CH_2CH_2 \rightarrow \ ? C
- Complete the mechanism for the reaction of butanone with NaBH_{4} followed by the addition of aqueous acid.
- The given Diels-Alder reaction is a powerful reaction that occurs when a 1,3-diene such as A reacts with an alkene such as B to form the six-membered ring in C. Is the Diels-Alder reaction a substitution, elimination, or addition?
- Carboxylic acids can be made by the hydrolysis of nitriles, which in turn can be made from an alkyl halide. What would be the reaction mechanisms of a starting alkyl bromide and the intermediate nitrile that would be used in the synthesis of 3-methylbutan
- 4-Chloropyridine undergoes reaction with dimethylamine to yield 4-dimethylaminopyridine. Propose a mechanism for the reaction.
- Write equations for three polymerization reactions.
- The following reaction, called the benzilic acid rearrangement, takes place by typical carbonyl-group reactions. Propose a mechanism (Ph = phenyl).
- Tert-Butyl ethers react with trifluoroacetic acid, to yield alcohol and 2-methylpropene. Tell what kind of reaction is occurring and propose a mechanism for the following reaction.
- Identify the mechanism of the below-mentioned reaction. Is it Electrophilic addition, E2 Elimination, SN1 Nucleophilic substitution, SN2 Nucleophilic substitution, Carbonyl nucleophilic addition, Nucleophilic subs at Carbonyl (acyl Xfer), or Conjugate (nu
- Complete the reaction mechanism of the Fischer Esterification below by adding mechanistic arrows to show how the product is formed in the step. Show all formal charges and all lone pairs that are involved in the mechanism.
- Complete the given reaction mechanism of the Fischer Esterification by adding mechanistic arrows to show how the product is formed in the step. Show all formal charges and all lone pairs that are involved in the mechanism.
- Provide a forward synthesis of the following molecule from the alkene shown. Be sure to clearly specify each reaction required and only use reactions that would provide your desired product as the major product.
- For the following reaction, give the corresponding keto/enol tautomer and provide the complete mechanism.
- Addition of tert-butylbenzene to the strongly acidic solvent HF/SbF5 followed by aqueous workup gives benzene. Propose a mechanism for this dealkylation reaction. What is the other product of the reaction?
- The reaction of aniline with benzaldehyde affords a diphenyl imine. Sketch the reaction showing the product and outline a mechanism.
- 1,2-Diols are converted to carbonyl compounds when treated with strong acids, in a reaction called the pinacol rearrangement. (a) Draw a stepwise mechanism for this reaction. (Hint: The reaction proceeds by way of carbocation intermediates.) (b) Assuming
- Ethers can be prepared by reaction of an alkoxide or phenoxide ion with a primary alkyl halide. Anisole, for instance, results from reaction of sodium phenoxide with iodomethane. What kind of reaction is occurring? Show the mechanism.
- How does the addition of a catalyst in a chemical reaction influence the reaction?
- Addition of HBr to 1-phenylpropene yields only (1-bromopropyl)benzene. Propose a mechanism for the reaction, and explain why none of the other regioisomer is produced.
- Devise a stepwise mechanism for the following reaction. The reaction does not take place by direct electrophilic aromatic substitution at C2. (Hint: The mechanism begins with the addition of an electrophile at C3).
- Diterpenoids are derived biosynthetically from geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP), which is itself biosynthesized by reaction of farnesyl diphosphate with isopentenyl diphosphate. Show the structure of GGPP, and propose a mechanism for its biosynthesis fro
- a. What is an SN1 reaction? Explain the mechanism for this reaction. b. What types of halides will undergo SN1 mechanisms and what type will not? Why? c. What other experimental conditions promote SN1 mechanism?
- The following reaction takes place in two steps, one of which is a cycloaddition while the other is a reverse cycloaddition. Identify the two pericyclic reactions, and show how they occur.
- Classify the given reaction as (1) an addition reaction, (2) a nucleophilic substitution reaction, (3) an electrophilic substitution reaction, or (4) a condensation reaction, the reaction of terephthalic acid with 1,2-ethanediol
- What sort of addition reaction gives a mono brominated alkane, when reacting with an alkene? Choose an alkene (your choice) and show a reaction, complete and balanced, that generates a mono brominated alkane.
- Assuming that strong acids add to alkynes in the same manner as they add to alkenes, propose a mechanism for the following reaction below.
- How does benzoquinone function as an inhibitor of radical polymerizations? Provide a mechanism for its reaction with a radical intermediate R, resulting in the formation of a less reactive radical that cannot participate in chain propagation steps and con
- Although acid is not needed to dehydrate the aldol products, it will enhance the reaction of the aldol product. Write a mechanism for this acid-catalyzed dehydration reaction.
- What would the reaction mechanism look like for a nucleophilic addition reaction of allylzinc bromide and 3-pentanone into 3-ethyl-5-en-3-ol?
- In the reduction of 2-butanone to (2)-butanol using the (S)-CBS reagent (2-methyl-oxazaborolidine + BH3), what is transferred in the critical step in the reaction mechanism?
- Adding HBr and (ch3ch2ch2)2CuLi to CH3C?CCH3 what is the major organic product of the reaction?
- Aprobarbital, a barbiturate once used in treating insomnia, is synthesized in three steps from diethyl malonate. Show how you would synthesize the necessary dialkylated intermediate, and then propose a mechanism for the reaction of this intermediate with
- Complete the Fischer Esterification reaction mechanism shown below by adding mechanistic arrows to show how the product is formed in the step. Show all formal charges and all lone pairs that are involved in the mechanism.
- Which of the following characterizes the reactions of carboxylic acid derivatives? a) Electrophilic addition b) Electrophilic substitution. c) Nucleophilic acyl substitution. d) Nucleophilic addition. e) Free radical addition.
- Complete the given Fischer Esterification reaction mechanism by adding mechanistic arrows to show how the product is formed in the step. Show all formal charges and all lone pairs that are involved in the mechanism.
- Complete the Fischer Esterification reaction mechanism below by adding mechanistic arrows to show how the product is formed in the step. Show all formal charges and all lone pairs that are involved in the mechanism.
- Explain how there are two reactants necessary for a violent reaction that produce light inside a flashbulb yet they don't react.
- HBr addition to 1-hexene yields both 1-bromohexane and 2-bromohexane. Show the complete reaction mechanisms for both, showing nucleophiles and electrophiles with the bonds.
- A clever new method of peptide synthesis involves formation of an amide bond by reaction of an \alpha -keto acid with an N-alkylhydroxylamine. The reaction is thought to occur by nucleophilic addition of the N-alkylhydroxylam
- Nucleophilic addition to an epoxide occurs: A. on the least substituted side of the epoxide. B. on the most substituted side of the epoxide. C. after the oxygen has been protonated. D. as the step-wise addition to the epoxide, followed by elimination of t
- 1. Propose a mechanism for the reaction of 1-methylcyclohexanol with HBr to form 1-bromo-1-methylcyclohexane. Add charges where needed. Electron flow arrows should start on the electron(s) of an atom
- Coronafacic acid, a bacterial toxin, was synthesized using a key step that involves three sequential pericyclic reactions. Identify them, and propose a mechanism for the overall transformation. How would you complete the synthesis?
- Methyl phenyl ether can be cleaved to yield iodomethane and lithium phenoxide when heated with LiI. Propose a mechanism for this reaction.
- Triphenylmethanol can be prepared from the reaction of dimethyl carbonate with phenyl magnesium bromide. Write a step-wise reaction mechanism for this reaction.
Explore our homework questions and answers library
Browse
by subject